分析結構上下結合判斷時態

時間：2025-08-21 22:23:15 論文范文我要投稿

分析結構上下結合判斷時態

        高考英語動詞時態的判斷年年都考，許多同學總是判斷不準確，每次都出錯。英語句子表達動作發生的時間或狀態非常詳細，在這一點上，漢語句子就相形見絀。這一點也是我們中國學生學習英語時覺得困難的原因。其實，在做時態判斷時，只要依據英語時態定義，根據動作發生的時間，把握上下文，結合句中時間狀語的提示，仔細分析比照，就能準確判斷出該句的時態。
        經常考而且經常用的時態有一般現在時、一般過去時、現在進行時、過去進行時、現在完成時、過去完成時、一般將來時、過去將來時、現在完成進行時等。現將這幾種時態的定義、結構和判斷方法加以區別和總結。
        一、一般現在時
        謂語的結構是：主語是單數第三人稱、不可數名詞或單數意義的其它名詞性短語時，謂語動詞用單三形式（即實意動詞加s或es，系動詞be用is）；主語是其它形式時，謂語動詞用原形。否定形式：實意動詞在謂語動詞前加助動詞do或does的否定形式，即don`t / doesn`t；系動詞則直接在其后加否定副詞not。
        ⒈ 表示經常發生的動作、存在的狀態或習慣性動作。常用的時間狀語有：sometimes, at times, always, usually, often, seldom, every +時間名詞, in the morning, on Monday等。如：
        He often gets up late in the morning.
        ⒉ 表示客觀事實或普遍真理。如：
        The teacher told us that the earth goes round the sun.
        ⒊ 表示按計劃或時刻表將要進行的動作或存在的狀態。如：
        The plane leaves at 8:00 in the morning. But it often delays because of sandstorms.
        此類句子常用be, leave, come, arrive, start, begin, go, reach, return, meet, end, stay等動詞。
        ⒋ 用在含有時間和條件狀語從句的復合句中：主句和從句都表示將來動作時，主句用將來時，從句常用一般現在時（或現在完成時）表示將來。如：
        I will tell him if I see him.
        ⒌ 在含有賓語從句的復合句中，當賓語從句表達的內容是客觀真理時，從句用一般現在時。如：
        He knew from an early age that apples fall down to the earth, but he did not know why.
        二、一般過去式
        謂語結構為：1. 實意動詞用其過去式。2. 系動詞be，當主語是單數第三人稱或單數第一人稱以及不可數名詞時用was，其它主語用were。3. 當表示“過去經常”時，用“used to+動詞原形”或“would+動詞原形”。否定形式：1. 實意動詞在其前加助動詞did not。2. 系動詞在其后加not。3. would 后加not；used to的否定形式有兩種：did not use to或used not to。
        1. 表示過去發生的動作或存在的狀態。常用的時間狀語有：yesterday, just now, 一段時間加 ago, last加時間名詞, in 1990, this morning, when以及其它連接詞引導的（表示過去動作的）時間狀語（或從句）。如：
        It rained heavily yesterday.
        The story happened in the autumn in 2000.
        2. 表示過去某一段時間內經常或反復發生的動作，可與often, usually, seldom等頻度副詞連用，或用used to+動詞原形或 would+動詞原形。如：
        Mr. Li often went to the cinema.
        He used to smoke a lot, but now he does not.
        3. 在含有時間或條件狀語從句的復合句中，主從句都表示過去將來動作時，從句常用一般過去時表示將來。如：
        They said that they would not leave until she came back.
        4. 用在一些含有虛擬語氣的固定句型中。
        （1）It is (high) time (that) sb did sth.如：
        It is high time you went to school (or you should go to school).
        （2）wish 后接賓語從句中，與現在事實相反，謂語動詞用were或過去式（與過去事實相反，謂語動詞用“had+過去分詞”；與將來事實相反，謂語動詞用“would/ could/ might+動詞原形”）。如：
        I wish that I were a bird.
        She wishes that she had a brother.
        （3）If only sb did sth.如：
        If only I had a better memory.
        （4）含有條件狀語從句的復合句中，與現在或將來事實相反時，從句謂語動詞（可）用一般過去式，主句謂語動詞用“would / could / should / might +動詞原形”。如：
        If I were you, I would say sorry to her at once.
        If he had time, he should attend your party.
        三、現在進行時
        謂語結構：助動詞am / is / are +動詞的現在分詞。否定形式：在助動詞后加not。
        1. 表示此時此刻正在進行的動作。常含有時間狀語now，或有上文提示，如“Look!” “Listen!”等。如：
        Look! Some old men are chatting under the tree.
        2. 表示現階段正在進行的動作（盡管此時此刻該動作并未進行）。如：
        How are you getting on with your work these days?
        3. 一些表示移動性動詞如go, come, leave, arrive, return, start, fly, have, stay等可用現在進行時態代替一般將來時，表示按計劃或安排最近要進行的動作。如：
        He is flying to Shanghai tomorrow.
        4. 現在進行時與always, constantly, all the time, forever等連用，表示反復出現或習慣性動作，表達說話者不滿、討厭、遺憾或驚訝等情緒。如：
        He is thinking of himself all the time.
        The girl is always smiling happily.
        四、過去進行時
        謂語結構：助動詞was / were + 動詞的現在分詞。否定形式：在助動詞后加not。
        1. 表示過去某一時刻正在進行或某一段時間內一直在進行的動作。這一特定的過去時間由時間狀語this time yesterday / last night / all day yesterday等提示。如：
        What was she doing this time last week?
        這一過去的時間也可由上下文提示。如：
        —Ouch! You hurt me!
        —Sorry! I did not mean it. I was catching the cat.
        2. 含有時間狀語從句的復合句中提示動作正在進行。在復合句中，延續時間較長的動作用過去進行時，另一動作用一般過去時；如果兩個延續性動作在過去某一時刻同時進行，而不考慮動作的先后長短，那么主從句的謂語動詞都用過去進行時。如：
        I was walking in the street when an accident happened.
        He was watching TV in the sitting-room while his mother was cooking in the kitchen.
        3. 表示過去反復或經常性動作，常與always, constantly, forever等副詞連用，表達說話者不滿、厭煩、驚訝等情緒。
如：
        She was always complaining about something.        五、現在完成時
        謂語結構：助動詞have / has +動詞的過去分詞。否定形式：在助動詞后加not。
        1. 表示過去發生的某一動作對現在造成的影響或結果。謂語動詞常為非延續性動詞如buy, borrow, come, leave, give, go, start, lend, see, tell, read, visit, say, ask, finish, arrive, get等，句中常用副詞already, ever, once, just, never, yet, twice等。如：
        He has already bought a lot of fresh vegetables for the Spring Festival.
        They have not arrived in Shanghai yet.
        因為此類動詞不延續，所以肯定句中不能用for或since引導的時間狀語。例如：要表達“我借錢給你已經兩年了”，可轉換為：“You have kept my money for two years.”否定句不受限制，如：I have not seen you for ages / since we met last time.
        2. 表示從過去某時開始一直延續到現在的動作或狀態。用延續性動詞如be, stay, work, study, live, stand, sit, lie, exist, keep, have等，常用表示一段時間的時間狀語，如：for a long time, since last year, in the last ten years, during the past thirty years等，以及表示到目前為止的時間狀語，如：so far, till now, up to now, by now等。如：
        There have been great changes in China since 1980.
        Up to now，the program have saved thousands of children who would otherwise have died.（NMET 2010 山東）
        3. have / has been表示“曾到過”，說明以往的經歷，常與副詞once, twice, ever等連用。而have / has gone則表示“已去了”，說明主語不在現場。如：
        They have been to China twice.
        They have gone to Shanghai. They are not here now.
        4. 用于句型It is the first / second /…time (that) sb have done sth.如：
        It is the first time I have climbed Mount Tai.
        六、過去完成時
        謂語結構：助動詞had+ 動詞的過去分詞。否定式：在had后加not。
        1. 表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經完成了的動作。這一過去的時間常由by then, before+過去的時間名詞或由when, before, after, until等引導的時間狀語從句表現。如：
        They had finished the project by the end of last month.
        When I got there, the plane had taken off.
        It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they had done for me. （NMET2010北京）
        2. 表示由過去某一時間開始，延續到過去另一時間的動作或狀態。如：
        The Whites had stayed in China for three years by then.
        3. 用在表示與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句中，結構為：If … had done…, …should / would / could / might have done…如：
        If he had followed my advice, he would not have lost his job. (NMET2010湖南)
        4. 用在句型It was the first / second / …last time that …had done…中。如：
        It was the last time they had met.
        七、一般將來時
        謂語結構：1. will / shall+ 動詞原形；2. am / is / are going to+ 動詞原形；3. am / is / are+ about to +動詞原形；4. be to do.
        1. “will+ 動詞原形”常表示單純的將來，用表示將來的時間狀語如tomorrow, next+ 時間名詞等。主語為第一人稱的陳述句常表達主語的決心或意愿，疑問句中用shall表示詢問或征求意見。而shall用于主語為第二、三人稱的陳述句表示允諾或威脅。如：
        They will come to China next month.
        Shall I leave now?
        You shall have the job.
        He shall go to prison.
        2. “be going to”：人用作主語表示打算做某事；物用作主語表示有跡象將要發生什么。如：
        We are going to have a meeting and discuss it.
        Look. It is going to rain.
        3. “be about to+ 動詞原形”：表示即將發生什么事，不跟將來的具體的時間狀語。如：
        The train is about to leave. Hurry up.
        4. be to do:（某人）按計劃、安排要做某事，或注定要發生某事。如：
        We are to meet at the school gate tomorrow.
        5. 含有時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的復合句時態搭配看“一般現在時”；移動性動詞的一般將來時看“現在進行時”。
        八、過去將來時
        謂語結構：1. should / would+ 動詞原形；2. was / were going to+ 動詞原形；3. was / were about to+ 動詞原形；4. was / were to+ 動詞原形
        1. should / would+ 動詞原形：表示從過去某一時間看將要發生某事。主語為第一人稱時用should或would，其余都用would。常用在賓語從句中。如：
        He said he would go to Beijing the next week.
        2. was / were going to+ 動詞原形：打算做某事，或有跡象要發生。如：
        When he got there, he found that the bridge was going to fall.
        3. was / were about to do：即將發生，常構成句型：…was / were about to do…when…did…如：
        Tom was about to close the window when his attention was caught by a bird.(NMET全國Ⅱ)
        4. was / were to do：按計劃發生，或注定要發生。如：
        The headmaster said they were to start at 7 in the morning.
        九、現在完成進行時
        謂語結構：have / has been+ 動詞的現在分詞。句中常用for或since引導的表示一段時間的狀語。如：
        They have been playing football in the rain for an hour.
        I have been waiting for you the whole morning.
        在做時態判斷題時，既要注意句中的時間狀語，又要從全句或上下文考慮，還要結合所給的答案選項分析，“審時度勢，穩定全局”，才能得出恰當的答案。多做多練，就會達到熟能生巧，得心應手，快速準確地做出答案。

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